Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) that it can be found in milk and dairy products. In this study, ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) technique was used for detection of AFM1 in ice-cream in Guilan province (Northern Iran). A total of 90 ice-cream samples was randomly obtained from different supermarkets. In 62 of the 90 ice-cream samples examined (68.88%), the presence of AFM1 was detected in concentrations between 8.4-147.7 ng/l. The mean level of AFM1 in positive samples was 40.36 ng/l. AFM1 levels in 11 samples (12.22%) were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/l) accepted by ISIRI, European Community and Codex Alimentarius.

The study focused on exploring the potential of pristine boron nitride nanocluster (B12N12) as an effective adsorbent and sensing material for the removal and detection of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM). Through density functional theory simulations, the research revealed promising findings indicating that the interaction between AFM and B12N12 is not only experimentally feasible but also exothermic and spontaneous. Additionally, the influence of solvent, particularly water, was investigated, with results demonstrating that the presence of water does not significantly impact these interactions. Furthermore, the impact of temperature on the thermodynamic parameters was considered, with results indicating that the adsorption process is more favorable at lower temperatures. The study also utilized frontier molecular orbital calculations, which revealed a substantial change in the bandgap of B12N12 during the adsorption process of AFM. Specifically, the bandgap was found to increase by 66.727%, from 6.716 (eV) to 11.197 (eV), indicating significant alterations in the electronic properties of B12N12 upon interaction with AFM. Moreover, the investigation included Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) studies, which provided insights into the nature of these interactions, indicating a physisorption nature. Overall, the theoretical findings strongly suggest that B12N12 has the potential to serve as an excellent adsorbent and sensor for the removal and detection of AFM. This research contributes valuable knowledge to the field of nanomaterials and offers a promising direction for the development of effective strategies for addressing the challenges associated with AFM removal and detection.

ABSTRACT: Dairy products are rich sources of vitamins, proteins and calcium that are vital to the human body. Aflatoxin M1 is a hydroxylated metabolite of Aflatoxin B1. The presence of this toxin in milk has caused serious concern among nutritionists. Consumption of Aflatoxin-contaminated milk (AFM1) may lead to serious health problems in humans. AFM1 causes various cancers such as liver cancer, damage to the nervous and DNA, as well as mutagenicity and teratogenicity. In reducing the amount of Aflatoxin in the product, with does not affect the milk quality is of particular importance. Absorption and restructuring methods such as yeast, lactic acid (bacteria), enzymes, ozon, and cold plasma have been used for this purpose. In this study, they have been studied on Aflatoxin M1 and toxicology besides reducing method for Aflatoxin M1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in pasteurized milk samples in Mashhad, Iran. One hundred and ten milk samples from different supermarkets were collected during three months in spring and investigated by Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA). AFM1 was found in 100% of the milk samples. About 5.4% of the samples contained AFM1 greater than the maximum tolerance limit (0.05 mg/l) accepted by European Union. There was not a significant difference among the mean value of AFM1 in three months.